Russian Heavy Draft
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Names: Russian Heavy Draft. I may just call it the Russian on this page. I must assume this is the horse also known as the Bityukh or Voronezh, since that breed is also called the Russian Heavy Draught Horse.
Origin: The
breeding of a small draft horse which was strong, sufficiently fast, easy to
keep and economical as regards management and feeding, went on in Russia
concurrently with the breeding of a large heavy draft breed. The genetic
material for the breed came from native Ukrainian breeds, the mountain Ardennes
and, in part, from the Brabancon and the Orlov
Trotter.
Systematic breeding began in the 1860s. The main nucleus of the breed was formed
at Peter's Academy (now the K. Timiryazev Moscow Agricultural Academy), Chesma
stud in Voronezh region, at Kochubei and Chaplits studs in Poltava region and
Derkulski stud in the Ukraine. Meanwhile, grading up of native horses with the
Ardennes was taking place. In 1875 there were nine Ardennes stallions in Russia;
the number rose to 597 by 1915. By the beginning of the 20th century the Ardennes
type became the most popular in Russia. Even in regions where there was a
demand for large heavy drafts and were high grade Ardennes were mated with
Brabancons, the crosses retained the old denomination of Ardennes. During the
breed formation period, a role of particular importance was played by two
breeding centers, the Chesma and the Dubrovsk, and subsequently by the Pershino
and Khrenov studs. By the beginning of the 20th century, the world's
zootechnical public was introduced to the Russian Heavy Draught at the 1900
Paris Exhibition. However, the First World War, followed by the Civil War, just
about wiped the breed out. In 1924, only92 Ardenne stallions were found. In
1923, breeding animals at Dubrovsk stud were moved to Novoalexandrov stud in
Voroshilovgrad region, while the Khrenov stud stock was moved first to Pershino
and subsequently to Uralsk and Kuedin studs. By the year 1937 the stock of
purebreds was reconstituted and isolated an independent breed.
Breeding: Due
to its high-profit feeding and high adaptability, the Russian Heavy Draught
became quite widespread. It is now bred in the Ukraine and North Caucasus, in
Udmurtia and Byelorussia, in Kirov, Sverdlovsk, Perm, Vologda and Archangel
regions and in western Siberia.
The breed's structure includes 2 intra-breed types, the Ural and the Ukrainian,
and 6 male lines. One new line is being formed.
The transferrin polymorphism has been studied in 862 horses and the allele
frequency is as follows: D 0.33, F 0.31, H 0.01, R 0.27.
It originated from the native Ukrainian and was crossed with Ardennes,
Percherons,
Belgians
and the Orlov
Trotter.
According to a fairly old source, which calls this the
Bityukh breed, the breeding area is Voronezh Region on the Don River, in the
former U.S.S.R. The same source also states that this breed goes back to
Dutch stallions imported by Peter the Great and mated with mares of the native
strain; later there was an introduction of Orlov blood from the nearby Krenovoy
Stud.
Description: The horse is not large yet heavily muscled. Medium heavy native horse.
Action: Energetic movements; good walk; comparatively high knee action in the trot. Extraordinary trotting ability for a heavy horse.
Body: Massive and muscular. Trunk long and broad. Neck broad, powerful, fleshy and high crested in stallions; sometimes described as short, sometimes fairly long. Withers low and broad; back rather long, but broad and powerful, often somewhat soft; croup long and drooping, generally quite steep; loins flat and muscular. Chest deep and broad; ribs steeply sloping according to one source, but well-sprung per another.
Color: The commonest color is chestnut; brown and bay are rarer.
Hair: Long, thick mane. Tail set on low, thickly covered with hair, not carried very high.
Head: Relatively distinguished, of average size, clean cut, with Oriental breediness; the forehead is wide and the profile is straight. Large, lively eyes and small, well-placed ears.
Hooves: Large and often rather flat.
Legs: Solid, strong, and muscular, with well developed joints. Well-placed, with clean tendons and short fetlocks. The front legs are short, set too far apart; the pasterns are sometimes short and ringboned. The knee-joints are often too far back.
Size: The average measurements (in cm) of stud stallions are: heights at withers 152, oblique body length 161, chest girth 200 and cannon bone girth 22.5; mares: 149, 158, 192 and 21.2 respectively. The stallions' live weight is 600-700 kg; that of mares is 550-600 kg. Another source states the height, in more ordinary terms, as some 15 to 16.5 hands (that would actually be 15 to 17.1, I believe, in proper "horse talk")!
Temperament: Easily taught, quiet, energetic, lively nature.
Features: Plenty
of stamina.
The Russian Heavy Draught horse is strong, shows a fair speed and has a very
willing disposition. The 2000 m draft walking record with a pull of 150 kg is 15
min 5 sec; the 2000 m trotting record with a pull of 300 kg is 1091m. The
maximum pull record is 820 kg 117% of live weight.
The Russian Heavy Draught horse matures early; by weaning, the foals reach 250
kg. The mares are good milk producers. At koumiss farms mares produce up to
25000 kg of marketable milk in 6-7 months of lactation. The record milk yield is
5540 kg. Russian Draught horses can be used for periods of up to 25 years. They
also have good fertility and longevity. The stallion Kolodnik (b. 1952) was used
for breeding up to 1978, while the mare Logika (b. 1962) in 18 years of
reproduction produced 18 foals, remains in good health and is still fertile.
Uses:
Accomplishments:
Curiosities:
Profiles:
Conclusion: